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range for the weight.
Note that there are two enclosed areas: the larger is the
CG range when operating in the Normal category only,
and the smaller range is for operating in both the Normal
and Utility categories. When operating with the weight
and CG limitations shown for Utility category, the aircraft
is approved for limited acrobatics such as spins, lazy
eights, chandelles, and steep turns in which the bank
angle exceeds 60º. When operating outside of the smaller
enclosure but within the larger, the aircraft is restricted
from these maneuvers.
Figure 2-20. CG range chart.
If the aircraft has retractable landing gear, a note may be
added, for example:
“Moment due to retracting of landing gear (+819 lb-in).”
Empty Weight CG Range
When all of the seats and baggage compartments are
located close together, it is not possible, as long as the
EWCG is located within the EWCG range, to legally load
the aircraft so that its operational CG falls outside this
allowable range. If the seats and baggage areas extend over
a wide range, the EWCG range will be listed as “None.”
Maximum Weights
The maximum allowable takeoff and landing weights
and the maximum allowable ramp weight are given. This
basic information may be altered by a note, such as the
following:
“NOTE 5. A landing weight of 6,435 lbs must be observed
if 10 PR tires are installed on aircraft not equipped with
60-810012-15 (LH) or 60-810012-16 (RH) shock struts.”
Number of Seats
The number of seats and their arms are given in such terms
as:
“4 (2 at +141, 2 at +173)”
Maximum Baggage (Structural Limit)
This is given as:
“500 lbs at +75 (nose compartment)
655 lbs at +212 (aft area of cabin)”
Fuel Capacity
This important information is given in such terms as:
“142 gal (+138) comprising two interconnected cells in
each wing”
-or
“204 gal (+139) comprising three cells in each wing and
one cell in each nacelle (four cells interconnected) See
NOTE 1 for data on fuel system.”
“NOTE 1” will read similar to the following example:
“NOTE 1. Current weight and balance data, including
list of equipment included in standard empty weight and
loading instructions when necessary, must be provided for
each aircraft at the time of original certification.
The standard empty weight and corresponding center of
gravity locations must include unusable fuel of 24 lbs at
(+135).”
Oil Capacity (Wet Sump)
The quantity of the full oil supply and its arm are given in
such terms as:
“26 qt (+88)”
Data Pertinent to all Models
Datum
The location of the datum may be described, for example,
as:
“Front face of firewall”
-or
78.4 inches forward of wing leading edge (straight
wing only).
78.4 inches forward of inboard intersection of straight
and tapered sections (semi-tapered wings).
2–11
Leveling Means
A typical method is:
“Upper door sill.”
This means that a spirit level is held against the upper door
sill and the aircraft is level when the bubble is centered.
Other methods require a spirit level to be placed across
leveling screws or leveling lugs in the primary aircraft
structure or dropping a plumbline between specified
leveling points.
TCDS are issued for aircraft that have been certificated
since January 1, 1958, when the FAA came into being.
For aircraft certificated before this date, basically the
same data is included in Aircraft, Engine, or Propeller
Specifications that were issued by the Civil Aeronautics
Administration.
Within the Type Certificate Data Sheets, Specifications,
and Listings, Volume VI, titled “The Aircraft Listings”
includes weight and balance information on aircraft of
which there are fewer than 50 listed as being certificated.
Manufacturer-Furnished Information
When an aircraft is initially certificated, its empty weight
and EWCG are determined and recorded in the weight and
balance record such as the one in Figure 2-21. Notice in
this figure that the moment is expressed as “Moment (lbin/
1000).” This is a moment index which means that the
moment, a very large number, has been divided by 1,000
to make it more manageable. Chapter 4 discusses moment
indexes in more detail.
An equipment list is furnished with the aircraft, which
specifies all the required equipment, and all equipment
approved for installation in the aircraft. The weight and
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Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook(12)
