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III Operational and Human Factors Involved in Tailstrikes at Landing Unstabilized approaches due to deviations from normal approach and landing techniques are the most common causes of tailstrikes.
The following factors increase the probability of a tailstrike during landing (Figure 2):
Figure 2
Operational & Human Factors Involved in Tailstrikes at Landing
Usually, no single factor will result in a tailstrike. However, the combination of several factors significantly reduce the tail clearance margin (distance between the aircraft tail and the ground).
Decrease in Speed (Well Below Vapp) Before the Flare
Flight at too low a speed results in a high Angle-of-Attack and a high pitch attitude, and therefore, reduced ground clearance. When the aircraft reaches the flare height, the flight crew must significally increase the pitch to reduce the sink rate. This will further reduce the ground clearance.
Sink Rate Too High Just Prior to Reaching the Flare Height
If the sink rate is too high when the aircraft is close to the ground, the flight crew may attempt to avoid a firm touchdown by commanding a high pitch rate. This action will significally increase the pitch attitude. However, if the resulting lift increase is not sufficient to significantly reduce the sink rate, a firm touchdown may occur. In addition, the high pitch rate may be difficult to control after touchdown , particularly in the case of a bounce.
Flare Too High
A flare that is too high can result in a combination of decreased airspeed and a long float. Since both increase the aircraft’s pitch attitude, the result is reduced tail clearance.
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本文链接地址：Landing Techniques Preventing Tailstrikes at Landing 防止机尾擦地(2)
