iv) The adequacy and performance of the available visual and non-visual ground aids.
v) The equipment available on the aeroplane for the purpose of navigation and / or control of the flight path during approach to landing and missed approach.
vi) The obstacles in the approach and missed approach areas and the obstacles clearance altitude / height for the instrument approach procedure.
vii)The means used to determine and report meteorological conditions. viii) The obstacles in the climb out areas and necessary clearance margins.
3. Type of Approaches:
Generally two types of Approaches are in use:
i.
Instrument Approaches and ii. Visual Approaches
i.
Instrument Approaches are further categorized into two types:
a.
Precision Approach: A standard instrument approach procedure in which an electronic guidance is provided in azimuth as well as in vertical plane by Localizer and Glide Slope. e.g., ILS, MLS, PAR, GPS with RNP 1 / RNP 0.3
b.
Non-Precision Approach: In the non-precision approach procedure, track guidance is provided and precise glide path information is not available: e.g., DVOR/DME, DVOR, DME, VOR, NDB, LOC, ASR Approaches.
ii. Visual Approach:
a. Straight in Approach is an approach with the final approach track within 15° for Cat C & D aircrafts and within 30° for cat A & B aircrafts of the extended centerline of the Rwy.
Pg-3/28 b. Circling Approach is an extension of an Instrument Approach Procedure which provides for visual circling of the airfield prior to Landing.
4. Approach Lighting System (ALS): The Approach Lighting Systems are broadly classified into three types of facilities as follows:
a) Full Facilities (FF): -Precision Approach Cat-I Lighting System with High Intensity of minimum length of 740 M. -Runway threshold lights -Runway edge lights -Runway end lights -Runway markings
b) Intermediate Facilities (IF): -High Intensity Simple Approach Lighting System of minimum length 420M. -Runway edge lights -Runway threshold lights -Runway end lights -Runway markings.
c) Basic Facilities (BF): -Low Intensity Simple Approach Lighting System or No Approach Lighting System -Runway edge lights -Runway threshold lights -Runway end lights -Runway markings.
5. Aircraft Approach Category (ICAO):
The following ICAO table indicates the specified range of handling speeds (IAS in Kts) for each category of aircraft to perform the maneuvers specified. These speed ranges have been assumed for use in calculating airspace and obstacle clearance for each procedure.
TABLE-1
A/c Cat Vat Range of Speeds for Initial Approach Range of final Approach Speed Max speeds for Visual Maneuvering (Circling) Max speeds for Missed Approach Inter Final
A <91 90/150 (110)* 70/100 100 100 110
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