Securing General Aviation(37)

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While the twelve-five and private charter security regulations specifically apply to charter operations, the TSA requires GA operators authorized to enplane or deplane into the sterile area of commercial passenger airports to conduct TSA-approved physical screening of passengers, flight crew members, and their carry on
86 See Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, §1544.101(e). 87 See Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, §1544.101(b) and (f).
items.88  While these regulations are in place to make allowances for certain GA operations that might be permitted to enplane and deplane at sterile airport areas while preventing the introduction of weapons, explosives, or incendiary devices into the commercial passenger aircraft environment, corporate and privately owned GA aircraft are rarely granted access to sterile areas.  Also, while the required adoption of a twelve-five security program is only required of charter operators, regulations stipulate that GA operators of aircraft weighing more than 12,500 pounds maximum takeoff weight could be required to conduct preflight security searches and screen passengers, crew members, and carry-on items before boarding in accordance with security procedures approved by TSA if notified to do so by the TSA.89  While these security measures have never been implemented, they could become effective upon notification to operators through means such as the Notices to Airman (NOTAM) system and may be carried out, for example, upon receipt of specific, credible intelligence suggesting a terrorist plot to hijack business jets.

Airspace Restrictions
Besides efforts to tighten security at GA airports and vet pilots, GA security measures have focused extensively on imposing flight restrictions over various potential terrorist targets.  These security-related flight restrictions have been highly contentious because: they have a direct impact on air commerce and the freedom of movement by air; the potential for airspace violations has significant repercussions for both professional and private pilots; surveillance, airspace protection, and enforcement of airspace restrictions can be costly and resource intensive; and these measures are considered by many to be of questionable effectiveness.
Airspace Restrictions Around Washington, DC.  While many low-altitude flight restrictions around sensitive locations for reasons of national security have long been in place, the number and scope of these restrictions has expanded significantly since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.  The most comprehensive of these restricted areas is the airspace around Washington, DC, which consists of a Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ), 15-nautical miles in radius, and a larger area –  referred to as the Washington, DC Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)90 – where flights must adhere to specific flight plans and air traffic communications and surveillance requirements.  An FAA proposal91 to make the airspace restrictions around Washington, DC permanent has met with considerable disapproval from pilots and GA advocacy groups who had hoped these restrictions
　
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