曝光台 注意防骗
网曝天猫店富美金盛家居专营店坑蒙拐骗欺诈消费者
(...) the application of separation to aircraft, based solely on positional information received from pilots via air-ground communications, is generally referred to as procedural control. Control based on radar displayed position information and where the application of horizontal separation is effected by maintaining a specified horizontal distance between radar returns (blips) on a display representing the horizontal position of aircraft in space is called radar control. (...)
(...) There is a significant difference between the separation minima used when applying procedural control methods and those used in radar control .(...)
(...) In the case of radar control, ATC is provided with continuously updated information on the position of aircraft making it possible to use significantly smaller separation minima. However, the minima used under these conditions must also take into account the fact that, from radar alone, little information is provided on the future intentions of aircraft and the reaction time, the initiation of corrective action and its execution by aircraft concerned in case of conflict. In this respect possible delays in communication, reaction time for the pilot and the response time of aircraft depending on their speed and size have to be taken into account in determining the appropriate radar separation minima. (...)
(...) in any case, the determination of the prescribed separation minima is a complex process which needs to take account of numerous factors, many of which are outside the scope of competence of ATC. Frequently it will be left to the individual controller to determine, based on sound judgement, what separation is adequate for a specific situation. However, once separation minima are established by the competent authority, it is incumbent upon ATC to ensure that the established minima are not infringed upon.(...)
(...) In recent years, work on separation minima between aircraft has, to a growing extent, been based on the mathematical-statistical treatment of data collected on the performance of aircraft. This approach was used to develop models from which valid information regarding the likely safety of proposed measures could be derived. While such work has been extremely useful as a supplementary means of arriving at valid conclusions, it is, however, not a substitute for sound operational judgement. it therefore appears necessary to approach the issue of mathematical models with caution and to make sure that in each individual case, data collection and their subsequent treatment are likely to yield useful results and not only confirm the obvious. (...)
(...) The responsibility for navigation is vested within the aircraft. (...)
(...) In airspaces wherein a high quality of frequently renewed position information is available to the controller, longitudinal separation may be expressed in terms of distance rather than in specified intervals of estimated time over the same point. The controller’s display serves as the means to analyse the available information. In this case the relevant factors involved are the relative accuracy of position information, the age or currency of the information displayed, the elapsed time between updating of the displays, and a buffer. (...)
(...) The way in which traffic information is presented to the air traffic controller has a significant bearing on the establishment of control procedures and on the amount of time necessary for him to assimilate the situation in which he may be required to act to maintain separation. it can therefore be said that the more dynamic the display system, the better the chances of successfully reducing separation between aircraft, provided the display changes do not exceed the average human capability for observing and analysing the situation and arriving at a decision.
(...) Radar separation minimum is normally that which is prescribed in ICAO Doc 4444 Part VI. However, in the application of radar separation, the controller must always be alert to the need to take action on a timely basis when it appears that two aircraft may come closer together than the prescribed minimum.
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
本文链接地址：
GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE ECAC RADAR SEPARATION(19)
