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with operators, may authorise the systematic provision of horizontal and/or vertical separation, based on SSR-derived information, between aircraft which are equipped with correctly functioning transponders,
provided that :
a)-adequate SSR coverage exists throughout the area wherein this procedure is used, and reliable operation of this service is assured;
b)-identification of individual aircraft so separated is maintained by means of discrete codes;
c)-adequate primary or SSR ground equipment backup is provided or, alternatively, in case of SSR failure density and/or complexity of traffic in the area and availability of navigational guidance allow to revert safely to other forms of separation (...)
A.3.3 ICAO Doc.9426 Air traffic services planning manual
(...) Apart from adequate and reliable ground-ground and air-ground communications, an air traffic control (ATC) unit applying conventional control methods has comparatively few requirements for additional means and equipment. (...)
(...) The major reason for the provision of primary surveillance radar (PSR) at a specific location is that traffic density and/or complexity has reached a point where, with the application of conventional non-radar control methods only, it is inevitable that aircraft will encounter unacceptable ATC delays. (...)
(...) it is important that the location of such a radar should not be decide in isolation by the State concerned, but be made the subject of close co-ordination with neighbouring States. Particular points in question are :
a)-the overlap in coverage provided by adjacent radar stations to ensure continuity of radar control between adjacent ATC units;
b)-requirements for uniform performance so that compatible
methods of radar control, including agreed separation minima, can be
applied between such units.(...)
(...) Therefore, early in the planning process, it will be necessary to establish clear-cut priorities as regards the expected operational performance of the radar (...)
(...) The standardisation of civil radars (...)
(...) The planning for the provision of radar should always start with the determination of the operational requirements, followed by the transformation of theses requirements into technical specifications.(...)
(...) All what has been said above with respect to PSR, also applies to secondary surveillance radar (SSR).(...)
(...) SSR equipment can range from comparatively simple ground facilities to very complex arrangements, especially when it is integrated into an automatic ATC system to provide composite synthetic displays with alphanumeric data presentation or individual flights. (...)
(...) in those ATC units where SSR has already reached a high degree of development, it has been found that changes to the airspace configuration (ATS routes, routings in terminal control areas (TMAs), reporting points and/or its designation are more difficult (...)
(...) it may be possible to arrive at a situation where all the traffic , operating within a defined portion of the airspace, i.e. at higher altitudes, will be SSR equipped. If such conditions are created and transponder reliability has reached a point where failures are rare, it may be feasible to rely on SSR without primary radar. Such an arrangement would present a very appreciable economy in the investments required.
It would appear advisable, therefore, to consider the use of SSR alone whenever radar is to be provided in additional portions of airspace, or in those portions where it is already provide and where primary radar equipment will need replacement. (...)
(...) Separation is a generic term used to describe action on the part of ATC in order to keep aircraft, operating in the same general area, at such distances from each other that the risk of their colliding with each other is reduced. (...)
(...) The required separation between aircraft is generally expressed in terms of minima, i.e. in distances which should not be infringed. Minima are further specified in firm values of distance; horizontally in nautical miles (NM) or degrees of angular displacement; vertically (...)
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GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE ECAC RADAR SEPARATION(18)
