getting to grips with aircraft performance monitoring(9)

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3.4.1. Operational factors
The intent of the following is to describe the potential factors that can occur during normal aircraft operations and which may have an adverse effect on the cruise performance analysis in terms of systematic error or random error.
3.4.1.1. Assumed gross weight deviation
The aircraft gross weight deviation may be originating from three different sources.
3.4.1.1.1. Operating Weight Empty (OEW)
Error on the Operating Empty Weight (OEW) can be caused by the normal increase of the OEW due to the incorporation of modifications, and dust and water accumulation. This error may amount to a few hundred of kilograms after several years.
Both the JAA and the FAA impose that operators regularly establish and verify aircraft weight to account for the accumulated weight due to repairs and/or aircraft modifications. For more information on requirements and means, read JAR-OPS
1.605 or FAA AC 120-27C.

3.4.1.1.2. Cargo hold weight
Cargo hold weight can be biased due to unweighted cargo and/or unaccounted last minute changes.

3.4.1.1.3. Passenger and baggage weights
Errors on passenger weights are usually due to underestimations of both passenger and hand luggage weights. JAA and FAA have each published some material to define and regulate the estimation of passenger and baggage weights. The following reminds main statements extracted from the JAR-OPS and from the FAR.
Flight Operations & Line Assistance Getting to Grips with Aircraft Performance Monitoring
BACKGROUND

JAR-OPS guidelines
The JAA has produced specific JAR-OPS requirements on passenger and baggage standard weights: JAR-OPS 1.620. This paragraph proposes that, for the purpose of calculating the weight of an aircraft, the total weights of passengers, their hand baggage and checked-in baggage entered on the load sheet shall be computed using either:
-Actual weighing just prior to boarding (if the flight should be identified as carrying excessive weights) or
-Standard weight values. Male/female passenger standard weights can be used alternatively to all-adult standard weights. Refer to tables below.
Type of flight  Male  Female  Children (2~12 years old)  All adult 
All flights except holiday charters  88 kg 195 lb  70 kg 155 lb  35 kg 77 lb  84 kg 185 lb 
Holiday charters  83 kg 183 lb  69 kg 152 lb  35 kg 77 lb  76 kg 168 lb 

Table B1 - JAR-OPS Standard passenger weights including hand baggage
Note :  Infants below 2 years of age would not be counted if carried by adults on passenger seats, and would be regarded as children when occupying separate passenger seats.
Type of flight  Baggage standard mass 
Domestic  11 kg 24 lb 
Within the European region  13 kg 29 lb 
Intercontinental  15 kg 33 lb 
All other  13 kg 29 lb 
　
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