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comparison between AM and PM data may yield one out of three outcomes: positive identification (identity
established), corroborative identification (identity possible, identity probable), or identity excluded. The
number of concordant characteristics that satisfy established dental identity has been and is still a subject for
discussion. Many years ago twelve concordant characteristics, as required for dermal-ridge fingerprint
identification, were proposed as the threshold for dental identification. However, distinction between
common dental characteristics and those that are individual is a key factor to be considered before
establishing that a combination of individual characteristics is unique to a person. In some cases a single
tooth can be used for identification if it contains sufficient unique features. Radiographs and clinical photos
will often provide the key for the uniqueness.
The success rate of dental identification is thus dependent not only on the character of the case (physical
destruction by mutilation, fire, putrefaction, etc.) but also on community based parameters as for example
ICAO Preliminary Unedited Version — October 2008 IV-2-4
prevalence of dental disease, predominant modality of treatment, availability of dental service, and the
existence and accessibility of good AM records. The contribution of dental evidence in person
identification has been and continues to be substantial in single as well as mass disasters. Identification by
dental means is less powerful in children and young adults with no or few restorations. In these situations
dental structures, as mirrored on intraoral radiographs, can provide indicators of the individual’s
chronological age; in children by analysis of tooth development and subsequent comparison with
developmental charts, in sub-adult ages by use of eruption dates of the teeth, and in young adults by use of
third molar development.
There is no universally accepted form on which to transcribe the dental AM and PM information. While
forensic odontologists continue to use a variety of dental forms, the dental data sheets of the Interpol DVI
form set are now being adopted by more and more forensic odontologists in a number of countries. This
trend may ultimately minimize the international diversity of information from which to draw the
identification statement. The Interpol form set is reviewed every five years; the forms can be downloaded
from the Interpol website (see list of further reading).
The key to successful mass disaster identification is preparedness, and many countries have appointed
national or regional multi-disciplinary DVI teams or identification commissions to handle situations with
multiple casualties. Others countries have no official mode of proceeding in case of mass disasters but
employ "ad hoc" committees in DVI or contract private companies. Overall, DVI teams should, as a
minimum, include experienced police officers/fingerprint experts, forensic pathologists, and forensic
odontologists.
A number of software programmes have been designed to speed up the paper handling in mass disaster
situations. Direct entering of data into the computer programme, as part of both the PM data recording in the
mortuary and the AM recording at home, is expected to become routine and will undoubtedly save time and
manpower. Furthermore, the ease of electronic import and export of data keeps writing errors etc. at a
minimum. It can be foreseen that data miners/software experts will be attached to the DVI teams. Among
the available programmes is a software programme designed to handle information from all sections of the
Interpol DVI form that was developed by Plass Data Software A/S (see list of further reading) in the
mid-1990s on initiative from the Norwegian and Danish Identification Commissions. Since then the
software has been revised, updated, and further improved as a result of close co-operation between the
developers and users representing DVI teams and experts across the world. The system, known as DVI
System International, is at present the only internationally approved DVI software programme. It provides
exact replica of the Interpol DVI form set and works in the four Interpol languages: English, French,
Spanish, and Arabic. The forms have further been translated into a number of other languages on request
from the customers. The system provides a number of functionalities, including search options to assist in
dental data matching, necessary for final assessment.
COMMUNITY BASED PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE SUCCESS RATE OF
ODONTOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION
National dental health data
A working knowledge of the oral health status among citizens is essential to forensic odontologists. Further
demographic factors to be aware of are differences in achievement of dental health gain between groups of
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