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each separate VSPEED at the appropriate speed on the airspeed scale. Manually set VSPEED values show in cyan characters,
FMS calculated VSPEEDS show in magenta characters. VSPEEDS can be a combination of FMS calculated and manually set
values.
The FMS, however, does not compare actual aircraft data against the data manually input by the pilot on the
CDU TAKEOFF REFERENCE or CDU APPROACH REFERENCE pages.
It is necessary for the pilot to verify and validate that the aircraft configuration and environmental conditions input into the
FMS reflect the correct conditions for takeoff or approach.
After actual takeoff or approach configuration has been achieved, but before posting FMS computed VSPEEDS on the PFD,
the aircrew should verify that the inputs that were entered into the FMS for computation of takeoff or approach performance
reflect the actual or intended takeoff or approach conditions.
A summary of the takeoff performance data is presented on the MFD TAKEOFF REFERENCE page. A summary of the
approach performance data is presented on the MFD APPROACH REFERENCE page. These pages can be accessed by
selecting the CDU MFD DATA key while the corresponding CDU takeoff or approach reference page is displayed. It may
also be accessed by pressing the CDU MFD DATA key followed by the MFD MENU key and selecting the desired page.
To manually exit the REFS menu, push another menu button on the DCP. The menu is automatically removed 20 seconds
after the last activity of the MENU, DATA, OR PUSH SELECT knob, or another menu or list button is pushed.
GPS CONTROL
The GPS Control page shows position differences (POS DIFF) between each GPS sensor position and the position calculated
by the FMS. Both direction and distance are shown.
The line select key for each installed GPS sensor enables or disables the use of the sensor by the FMS. If a GPS sensor has
been DISABLED it remains disabled until manually enabled.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
The GPS is used to determine airplane position and provides supplementary information to FMS and TAWS and the clock.
The GPS calculates the latitude, longitude, altitude, accurate time, date, true heading and ground speed.
The global positioning system (GPS) is a space based navigation system, which consists of 26 satellites, at an altitude of
approximately 10 900 nm and an orbital period of 12hr. Each satellite transmits a signal on the L1 (1575.42MHz – for general
aviation use) and L2 (1227.6MHz– for P-code / military use only) frequencies. The signal contains digital data used to
measure line-of-sight range and compute the position and time at the receiver. Pre-departure verification of GPS availability
is required for GPS as a primary means of navigation before each flight.
EV 2
NAVIGATION
May 06/2005 Flight Crew Operating Manual Volume 2
REV 2 CSP 100-6 17-01-35
FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (FMS) (Cont)
Four or more available satellites allow receiver to autonomously compute the position integrity. The position can be calculated
(with the required integrity) on the basis of the 3 satellites data available in addition to an air data altitude. The system
permanently performs the receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) process, which represents the method of detecting
and isolating the satellite errors by using the redundant satellite measurements. Five satellites are required to detect
a satellite error and six satellites are required to isolate the error to an individual satellite and remove it from the navigation
solution.
The system supports: en route (including VNAV), terminal and non-precision approach (except localizer, localizer directional
aid and simplified directional functionality) capability. The system provides current position, velocity and time to
FMS and TAWS.
PREDICTED RAIM
By predicting future satellite positions, GPS is capable of estimating the availability of approach accuracy. This feature is
called predictive RAIM. The GPS may be used for primary navigation in oceanic and remote areas, provided a qualified
GPS sensor is installed in the airplane. Qualified GPS sensors include a ground based prediction program that verifies GPS
navigation availability over the planned route. Pre-departure verification of GPS availability is require for GPS as primary
means of navigation before each flight.
Status and integrity of the GPS position solution shows on the MFD LRN STATUS page. RAIM is used to assure that the
GPS solution meets the required accuracy criteria that follow:
- 4 nm for oceanic/remote
- 2 nm for enroute
- 1 nm for terminal
- 0.3 nm for approach
The measured accuracy limit indicates the maximum estimated error based on measurement inconsistency. When an error
is detected, it is annunciated on the LRN STAUS page.
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