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b) horizontal separation, obtained by providing:
1) longitudinal separation, by maintaining an interval
between aircraft operating along the same, converging
or reciprocal tracks, expressed in time or
distance; or
2) lateral separation, by maintaining aircraft on different
routes or in different geographical areas;
c) composite separation, consisting of a combination of
vertical separation and one of the other forms of
separation contained in b) above, using minima for each
which may be lower than, but not less than half of, those
used for each of the combined elements when applied
individually. Composite separation shall only be applied
on the basis of regional air navigation agreements.
Note.— Guidance material relating to the implementation
of composite lateral/vertical separation is contained in the Air
Traffic Services Planning Manual (Doc 9426).
3.4 Separation minima
3.4.1 The selection of separation minima for application
within a given portion of airspace shall be as follows:
a) the separation minima shall be selected from those
prescribed by the provisions of the PANS-ATM and the
Regional Supplementary Procedures as applicable under
the prevailing circumstances except that, where types of
aids are used or circumstances prevail which are not
covered by current ICAO provisions, other separation
minima shall be established as necessary by:
1) the appropriate ATS authority, following consultation
with operators, for routes or portions of routes
contained within the sovereign airspace of a State;
2) regional air navigation agreements for routes or
portions of routes contained within airspace over the
high seas or over areas of undetermined sovereignty.
Note.— Details of current separation minima
prescribed by ICAO are contained in the PANS-ATM
(Doc 4444) and Part 1 of the Regional Supplementary
Procedures (Doc 7030).
b) the selection of separation minima shall be made in
consultation between the appropriate ATS authorities
responsible for the provision of air traffic services in
neighbouring airspace when:
1) traffic will pass from one into the other of the
neighbouring airspaces;
2) routes are closer to the common boundary of the
neighbouring airspaces than the separation minima
applicable in the circumstances.
Note.— The purpose of this provision is to ensure, in the
first case, compatibility on both sides of the line of transfer of
traffic, and, in the other case, adequate separation between
aircraft operating on both sides of the common boundary.
3.4.2 Details of the selected separation minima and of
their areas of application shall be notified:
a) to the ATS units concerned; and
b) to pilots and operators through aeronautical information
publications, where separation is based on the use by
aircraft of specified navigation aids or specified navigation
techniques.
3.5 Responsibility for control
3.5.1 Responsibility for control
of individual flights
A controlled flight shall be under the control of only one air
traffic control unit at any given time.
3.5.2 Responsibility for control within
a given block of airspace
Responsibility for the control of all aircraft operating within a
given block of airspace shall be vested in a single air traffic
control unit. However, control of an aircraft or groups of
aircraft may be delegated to other air traffic control units
provided that coordination between all air traffic control units
concerned is assured.
3.6 Transfer of responsibility for control
3.6.1 Place or time of transfer
The responsibility for the control of an aircraft shall be
transferred from one air traffic control unit to another as
follows:
Chapter 3 Annex 11 — Air Traffic Services
3-3 1/11/01
3.6.1.1 Between two units providing area control service.
The responsibility for the control of an aircraft shall be
transferred from a unit providing area control service in a
control area to the unit providing area control service in an
adjacent control area at the time of crossing the common
control area boundary as estimated by the area control centre
having control of the aircraft or at such other point or time as
has been agreed between the two units.
3.6.1.2 Between a unit providing area control service and
a unit providing approach control service. The responsibility
for the control of an aircraft shall be transferred from a unit
providing area control service to a unit providing approach
control service, and vice versa, at a point or time agreed
between the two units.
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