DEVELOPMENT OF FAST-TIME SIMULATION TECHNIQUES IN THE NATION(33)

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Assumptions and Procedures modeled
To accurately replicate the flight deck environment, both flight crew members would need to be modeled as distinct agents:  a “flying” pilot, who manually or automatically manages the aircraft trajectory, and a “non-flying” pilot, who communicates with ATC and supports the flying pilot’s operations.  Their interaction would also need to be modeled to provide a conformal replication of the real environment.  For modeling simplicity in this experiment, it was decided to lump the flight crewmembers into one single agent.  Also, for demonstration simplicity, no sensor warning reliability issues and no variation in pilots responses to a given warning were modeled.  In addition, only vertical re-routing was modeled in this phase of the study. 
The modeled MIDAS behaviors were based on flight crew scripts developed in order to cover the general scenario response requirements discussed above and illustrated in Figure V-1.  These response scripts were elicited through a focussed interview with an airline pilot (a captain with a major airline with experience in B757, B767 and A300 aircraft) in order to obtain realistic flight crew behaviors to the given scenarios.  The scripts represent the minimum set of specific actions and communications required from the various agents in the simulation to execute the appropriate CAT response.  Initially, a set of standard procedure scripts were written for elementary actions such as:
. Sector entry

. Request for ride report

. Response to CAT information

. Request for altitude change

. Report of speed change

. Declaration of emergency

. Sector exit

plus a minimum level of controller response.  These standard procedures were then integrated into sequences (along with associated related actions) to handle the various situations that could arise in the CAT scenario, including:
. Handling various PIREPs

. Response to CAT sensor warnings

. Response actions to experience of light/moderate/severe turbulence

. Declaration of emergency

The full scripts are given in Appendix C.
Controller Specifications
This section presents an overview of the functional specification of the tasks to be performed by the en route sector controller.  This specification describes the processes and decision rules that controllers use to perform these tasks.  The representation of the cognitive behavior involved in executing these tasks must take account of several aspects, including monitoring and perception, decision-making and planning, and associated communications and other actions.  Within this framework, controller situation awareness is modeled as a set of data that needs to be constantly updated.  As was established by prior efforts to develop a formal representation of controller tasks (CTA, Inc., 1987; CTA, Inc., 1988; Rodgers and Drechsler, 1993), it is apparent that controller behavior cannot be represented as a rigid sequence of tasks.  Rather, the controller must switch between tasks, suspend and resume tasks, and repeat tasks depending on the events that take place.
In defining the controller tasks, particular attention was given to those tasks involved in responding to the occurrence of clear air turbulence (CAT) within a sector.  Therefore the scope of this specification is limited to controller tasks that are directly applicable to the modeling effort being undertaken and is not intended to provide a complete representation of all controller responsibilities.  While this task specification was tailored to a specific application, it was structured so that it could be expanded in scope to include additional controller tasks, or to represent controller operating procedures in greater detail.
Assumptions
In defining the tasks to be performed by a controller, it is recognized that many of these tasks will need to be iterative.  While the behavioral logic describes a progression through a sequence of successive tasks, in some cases it will be necessary to repeat specific subtasks.  For example, the process of selecting the preferred maneuver to avoid a conflict might include identifying, checking, and comparing several unique maneuvers.
　
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