Absence of reference to instruments to support the visual segment;
Failure to detect the deterioration of visual references; and,
Failure to monitor the instruments and the flight path, while both crew members are involved in the identification of visual references.
The following table provides a summary of the various factors and conditions together with their effects on the pilot’s perception and unintended actions that may result in a hazardous situation:
Condition
Perception
Unintended Action
Result
Narrow / long runway
Being too high
Push
Land short / Land hard
Wide or short runway
Being too low
Pull
Land long / overrun
Runway or terrain uphill slope
Being too high
Push
Land short / Land hard
Runway or terrain downhill slope
Being too low
Pull
Land long / overrun
Bright runway lighting
Being too close (too steep)
Push
Land short / Land hard
Low intensity lighting
Being farther away (too shallow)
Pull
Land long / Overrun
Light rain, fog, haze, mist smoke, dust
Being too high
Push over
Land short / Land hard
Heavy rain
Being too close
Push over
Land short / Land hard
Entering fog (shallow layer)
Increasing pitch
Push over
Steep glide path / CFIT
Flying in haze
Being farther away (too shallow)
Pull up
Land long / Overrun
Drifting rain, snow or sand
Aircraft drifting sideways
Undue drift correction
Off-runway landing
Wet Runway
Being farther away (too high)
Late flare
Hard landing
Crosswind
Being angled with runway
Cancel drift correction
Drifting off track / off runway centerline
Table 1
Effects of Visual Illusions on Pilot’s Perception and Actions
Prevention Strategies to Reduce the Effects of Visual Illusions
To lessen the effects of visual illusions, prevention strategies and lines-of-defense should be developed and implemented based on the following recommendations.
Hazard Awareness
Operators should assess their exposure to visual illusions in their operating environment (i.e., over the entire route network).
Flight crews should be educated and trained on the factors and conditions creating visual illusions and their effects on the perception of the environment and aircraft position:
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