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A summary of accidents or incidents in which engine thrust was or could have been used
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The principles of throttles-only .ight control for a subsonic transport
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A description of the MD-11 airplane
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Development of the PCA system for the MD-11
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A description of the control laws
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Flight test results and pilot comments
The chronology of the development and .ight test sequence is preserved to illustrate and document the process used.
HISTORY OF LOSS OF FLIGHT CONTROL ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS
Many accidents and incidents have resulted from major .ight control failures in which the crew either did or could have used throttles for emergency .ight control (ref. 1).
B-747, Japan
In 1985, a four-engine Boeing 747 aircraft, Japan Airlines .ight 123, experienced a total hydraulic system loss as a result of a failure in an aft cabin pressure bulkhead. Most of the vertical .n was also lost. After the failure, the aircraft remained essentially trimmed, with persistent dutch roll and phugoid oscillations. The throttles and electrically driven .aps were the only usable devices for control. The B-747 was .own for more than 30 min using throttle control, but the crew was not able to effectively control the airplane and eventually hit a mountain (ref. 16). More than 520 lives were lost.
DC-10, Sioux City, Iowa
In July 1989, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 trijet, United Airlines .ight 232, in cruise .ight suffered an uncontained tail engine failure that caused the loss of all hydraulics. After the failure, the airplane trimmed at approximately 210 kn with a signi.cant yaw caused by damage to the center-engine nacelle. The crew learned to achieve gross control under extremely dif.cult circumstances using wing engine throttles for control; the right-engine thrust was required to be about twice the left-engine thrust to hold wings level. In spite of these dif.culties, the crew did reach the airport at Sioux City, Iowa. Not enough control precision was available for a safe landing; the phugoid was not well damped. However, an emergency crash landing saved 181 of 296 persons on board (ref. 17).
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本文链接地址:Development and Flight Test of an Emergency Flight Control System Using Only Engine Thrust on an MD-11 Transport Airplane(8)