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responsibility of the flight leader and the pilots-incommand
of the other aircraft in the flight and shall
include periods of transition when aircraft are
manoeuvring to attain their own separation within the
formation and during join-up and breakaway; and
c) a distance not exceeding 1 km (0.5 NM) laterally and
longitudinally and 30 m (100 ft) vertically from the
flight leader shall be maintained by each aircraft.
3.1.9 Unmanned free balloons
An unmanned free balloon shall be operated in such a manner
as to minimize hazards to persons, property or other aircraft
and in accordance with the conditions specified in Appendix 4.
3.1.10 Prohibited areas and restricted areas
Aircraft shall not be flown in a prohibited area, or in a
restricted area, the particulars of which have been duly
published, except in accordance with the conditions of the
restrictions or by permission of the State over whose territory
the areas are established.
Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 3
2243//1111/0/065 3-2
No. 39
3.2 Avoidance of collisions
Nothing in these rules shall relieve the pilot-in-command of an
aircraft from the responsibility of taking such action, including
collision avoidance manoeuvres based on resolution advisories
provided by ACAS equipment, as will best avert collision.
Note 1.— It is important that vigilance for the purpose of
detecting potential collisions be exercised on board an
aircraft, regardless of the type of flight or the class of airspace
in which the aircraft is operating, and while operating on the
movement area of an aerodrome.
Note 2.— Operating procedures for use of ACAS detailing
the responsibilities of the pilot-in-command are contained in
PANS-OPS (Doc 8168), Volume I, Part VIII, Chapter 3.
Note 3.— Carriage requirements for ACAS equipment are
addressed in Annex 6, Part I, Chapter 6 and Part II, Chapter 6.
3.2.1 Proximity
An aircraft shall not be operated in such proximity to other
aircraft as to create a collision hazard.
3.2.2 Right-of-way
The aircraft that has the right-of-way shall maintain its
heading and speed.
3.2.2.1 An aircraft that is obliged by the following rules
to keep out of the way of another shall avoid passing over,
under or in front of the other, unless it passes well clear and
takes into account the effect of aircraft wake turbulence.
3.2.2.2 Approaching head-on. When two aircraft are
approaching head-on or approximately so and there is danger
of collision, each shall alter its heading to the right.
3.2.2.3 Converging. When two aircraft are converging at
approximately the same level, the aircraft that has the other on
its right shall give way, except as follows:
a) power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to
airships, gliders and balloons;
b) airships shall give way to gliders and balloons;
c) gliders shall give way to balloons;
d) power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft which
are seen to be towing other aircraft or objects.
3.2.2.4 Overtaking. An overtaking aircraft is an aircraft
that approaches another from the rear on a line forming an
angle of less than 70 degrees with the plane of symmetry of
the latter, i.e. is in such a position with reference to the other
aircraft that at night it should be unable to see either of the
aircraft’s left (port) or right (starboard) navigation lights. An
aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and the
overtaking aircraft, whether climbing, descending or in
horizontal flight, shall keep out of the way of the other aircraft
by altering its heading to the right, and no subsequent change
in the relative positions of the two aircraft shall absolve the
overtaking aircraft from this obligation until it is entirely past
and clear.
3.2.2.5 Landing
3.2.2.5.1 An aircraft in flight, or operating on the ground
or water, shall give way to aircraft landing or in the final
stages of an approach to land.
3.2.2.5.2 When two or more heavier-than-air aircraft are
approaching an aerodrome for the purpose of landing, aircraft
at the higher level shall give way to aircraft at the lower level,
but the latter shall not take advantage of this rule to cut in in
front of another which is in the final stages of an approach to
land, or to overtake that aircraft. Nevertheless, power-driven
heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to gliders.
3.2.2.5.3 Emergency landing. An aircraft that is aware that
another is compelled to land shall give way to that aircraft.
3.2.2.6 Taking off. An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring
area of an aerodrome shall give way to aircraft taking off or
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