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F Landside Limits
F Weather
u Airspace Capacity
F Airspace Design
F Controller Workload
u Demand
F Peak Demand
F Hub & Spoke Networks
u Environmental Limits
F Noise (relates to Airport)
F Emissions (local, Ozone, NOX, CO2)
Slide courtesy of Prof. J. Hansman
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33
Schedule Factors
u Peak Demand/Capacity issue driven by airline Hub and Spoke
scheduling behavior
F Peak demand often exceeds airport IFR capacity (VFR/IFR
Limits)
F Depend on bank spreading and lulls to recover
F Hub and Spoke amplifies delay
u Hub and spoke is an efficient network
F Supports weak demand markets
u Schedules driven by competitive/market factors
F Operations respond to marketing
F Trend to more frequent services, smaller aircraft
F Ratchet behavior
F Impact of regional jets
u Ultimately, airlines will schedule rationally
F To delay tolerance of the market (delay homeostasis)
u Limited federal or local mechanisms to regulate schedule
Slide courtesy of Prof. J. Hansman
34
Flight Plans
u Flight plans
F initially filed by airline
F give intent of aircraft (route, altitude, take-off time)
F are amended to reflect controller clearance changes
F are printed for each sector 20-30 mins before aircraft arrives
F printed strips arranged next to radar display in rough eta order
F serve as a physical reminder about aircraft
F controllers write clearances by hand on strips
F strips can be physically handed off along with aircraft
F flight plans critical to trajectory prediction by automation tools
18
35
Flight Plan Fields
Field Definition Example
Flight id Airline + flight no AAL108
Computer id Host id number 817
Aircraft Type/Equipment T/B757/G
Beacon code Radar transponder id 0245
Cruise altitude Cleared altitude/100 370
True airspeed knots 280
Departure fix Origination SFO
Coordination fix Where aircraft will
appear in this Center
TXO
Coordination time Time at which it will
appear, GMT
1335
Status Type of flight plan Proposed
Route See following
36
Flight Progress Strips
En Route
AAL278 1
T/B722/R
T468 G500
21
068 09
TXK
1930
330 DFW.\.TXK LIT J6
HVQ LDN JASEN1
IAD
LIT o AAL278 SPL FLT
19
45
6262
*ZTL
Type
aircraft
Aircraft Identification
Number of times flight plan has been amended
Type Equipment
Filed
true airspeed
Ground
speed
Computer Identification
Sector
number
Strip
number
Estimated Time at fix
Fix posting for
Sector 21
Altitude
Coordination
fix time
Previous fix
Coordination Symbol to
adjacent ATC facility
Beacon code
Route of flight
Remarks section
u Control Symbology
u Red/Black Strip Marking
TCAS
Equipped
19
Standard Instrument Departure (SID) 37
(Pilots hard copy)
38
Highways of the Sky (Airways)
DFW
LIT
MEM CHA
SPA
GSO
IAD
J66
J66
J118
J118
J14
J14
(Direct)
Jet Routes
FL180
Victor Routes
FL180
V124
20
39
Standard Terminal Arrival Route
IAD
Depart HDG 190
Expect RV to Final
Turbojets expect clearance to
Cross at 11,000’ at 250kts
HVQ
07
2
BKW
095
DILNN
FINKS
07
9
R-259 AML
LDN
R-206
JASEN
GILBY R-
300
DOCCS
“AAL278, Reduce speed to
TWO ONE ZERO, Contact
Dulles Approach ONE TWO
ZERO POINT FOUR FIVE.”
“AAL278, Reducing
and switching,
Good Day.”
Requested Route
Turbojets Expect
Clearance to
Cross at FL240
Jasen One Arrival
Charleston Transition
40
Flight Plan Routes
u Helpful hints
DFW.DALL5.TXK..LIT.J131.PXV.J29.JHW.J82.ALB.GDM2.BOS
F 4 letters + 1 number: SID or STAR (TRACON route)
F 3 letters: waypoint (also indicates VOR nav aid)
F J + number: jet route (V + number: victor/vfr route)
F “..” separates 2 like elements (ABC..DEF)
F “.” separates 2 un-like elements (ABC.J52)
u Some variations:
u Other waypoint types:
F lat/long, x/y, radial/distance:
47N/121W, 437/248, DFW300040
SJC./.TXO..SJT.CUGAR6.IAH
Will enter ZFW at TXO; don’t need to see earlier part of route
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41
Domain Challenges of ATC
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Redesigning Air Traffic Control(3)
