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and Level 3 handling qualities, respectively.
The first question, “Is it controllable?,” must be answered
in the context of the task. If the pilot can control the
aircraft in order to perform the task, even if it requires his
undivided attention, then the aircraft is controllable.
Otherwise, the aircraft is uncontrollable, and the assigned
rating is a 10.
The second question, “Is adequate performance attainable
with a tolerable pilot workload?,” requires the experimenter
to define performance standards. Engineers and
pilots, at the beginning of an experiment, jointly decide
on two performance standards: desired and adequate. An
example would be for a pilot to fly a landing approach
while maintaining airspeed to within ±5 knots for desired
performance and ±10 knots for adequate performance.
Returning to the second question, the pilot now
determines not only whether the adequate performance
standard was met, but if the workload was also tolerable.
If the answer to this question is yes, then the task can be
performed with reasonable precision, even though it might
take considerable mental and physical compensation on
the part of the pilot.
If the pilot proceeds to the third question, “Is it
satisfactory without improvement?” he now has to decide
whether the vehicle is good enough as it is for its intended
use or if he thinks it should be changed. The vehicle does
not have to be perfect, just good enough.
When the pilot proceeds to the right-hand side of the scale,
a numerical rating is assigned based on the descriptors of
the aircraft characteristics and the demands on the pilot.
This process is often a balance between the performance
achieved and the compensation required by the pilot in
order to achieve that performance.
The Cooper-Harper Handling Qualities Scale has been
used successfully since 1969, and it is an excellent way to
obtain high-quality subjective data from pilots. These data
often correlate well with the objective data collected.
84
Start
Improvement
mandatory Major deficiencies Control will be lost during some
portion of required operation
Is it
satisfactory without
improvement?
Is adequate
performance
attainable with a tolerable
pilot workload?
Is
it controllable?
Deficiencies
warrant
improvement
Deficiencies
require
improvement
Excellent
Highly desirable
Good
Negligible deficiencies
Fair – Some mildly
unpleasant deficiencies
Minor but annoying
deficiencies
Moderately objectionable
deficiencies
Very objectionable but
tolerable deficiencies
Major deficiencies
Major deficiencies
Major deficiencies
Pilot compensation not a factor for
desired performance
Pilot compensation not a factor for
desired performance
Minimal pilot compensation required for
desired performance
Desired performance requires moderate
pilot compensation
Adequate performance requires
considerable pilot compensation
Adequate performance requires extensive
pilot compensation
Adequate performance not attainable with
maximum tolerable pilot compensation.
Controllability not in question.
Considerable pilot compensation is required
for control
Intense pilot compensation is required to
retain control
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Adequacy for Selected Task or
Required Operation*
Aircraft
Characteristics
Demands on the Pilot in Selected
Task or Required Operation* HQR
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
*Definition of required operation involves designation of flight
phase and subphases with accompanying conditions.
Figure D1. Cooper-Harper Handling Qualities Rating Scale.
85
References
1. Haward, D. M.: The Sanders Teacher. Flight, vol. 2,
no. 50, Dec. 1910, pp. 1006–1007.
2. Baarspul, M.: A Review of Flight Simulation
Techniques. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, vol. 27,
1990, pp. 1–120.
3. Airplane Simulator Qualification. FAA Advisory
Circular AC 120-40B, U. S. Department of
Transportation, Washington, D. C., July 1991.
4. Donohue, J. A.: Keepin’ the Shiny Side Up. Air
Transport World, vol. 32, no. 10, Oct. 1995,
pp. 47–50.
5. Helicopter Simulator Qualification. FAA Advisory
Circular AC-120-63, U. S. Department of Transportation,
Washington, D. C., Oct. 1994.
6. Johnston, D. E.; and McRuer, D. T.: Investigation of
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