PILOT AUTHORITY AND AIRCRAFT
PROTECTIONS
Air Line Pilots Association
Airworthiness Performance Evaluation and Certification Committee
Captain Ron Rogers, Chairman
March 1, 1999
CONTENTS
PILOT AUTHORITY AND AIRCRAFT PROTECTIONS --------------------------------------- 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.0 ARGUMENT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
3.0 ON-GROUND SENSING------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
3.1 Recommendation---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
4.0 STALL PROTECTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
4.1 Recommendation---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
5.0 ENGINE CONTROLS---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
5.1 Effects Of Additional Thrust On Climb Performance------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
5.2 The Effects Of Additional Thrust Capability On Cfit Recovery Capability------------------------------------10
5.3 The Effect Of Additional Thrust On Recovery From Windshear--------------------------------------------------11
5.3.1 The Effects of Additional Thrust in Windshear Recovery for the Airbus A-320 (Takeoff) ------------12
5.3.2 The Effects of Additional Thrust in Windshear Recovery for the Boeing B-777 (Takeoff)------------12
5.3.3 The Effects of Additional Thrust in Windshear Recovery for the Boeing B-777 (Approach)---------13
5.4 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
6.0 FLIGHT ENVELOPE PROTECTIONS -------------------------------------------------------13
6.1 Design Error ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
6.2 Flight Envelope Protection Design Philosophies ---------------------------------------------------------------------14
6.2.1 Conventional Flight Envelope Protections-------------------------------------------------------------------------14
6.2.2 Hard Flight Envelope Protections ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
6.2.3 Soft Flight Envelope Protections -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
6.2.4 Flight Envelope Protection Overrides -------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
6.2.5 Flight Envelope Authority----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
6.3 Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
6.3.1 Flight Test------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
6.3.2 CFIT Maneuver------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
6.4 Aircraft Flight Control Design----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
6.4.1 Aircraft With Conventional Flight Controls-----------------------------------------------------------------------17
6.4.2 FBW Aircraft With ÒHardÓ Protection Features------------------------------------------------------------------18
6.4.3 FBW Aircraft With ÒSoftÓ Protection Features-------------------------------------------------------------------19
6.4.4 CFIT Recovery Conclusions/Recommendations-----------------------------------------------------------------19
6.4.5 Conclusions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
6.4.6 Recommendations---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
6.5 High Speed Upset Recovery------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
6.5.1 Aircraft With Conventional Flight Controls-----------------------------------------------------------------------21
6.5.2 FBW Aircraft With ÒHardÓ Protection Features------------------------------------------------------------------22
6.5.3 FBW Aircraft With ÒSoftÓ Protection Features-------------------------------------------------------------------24
6.6 Flight Envelope Protection Conclusions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
7.0 FUTURE TRENDS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
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